Reference
- Tsai, J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2015). Risk Factors for Homelessness Among US Veterans. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37(1), 177-195. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxu004
- Pavao, J., Tull, T., & Lee, S. (2013). "Military Sexual Trauma Among Homeless Veterans." Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(S2), S536-S541. Link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2341-4
- Martijn, C., & Sharpe, L. (2006). "Pathways to Youth Homelessness." Social Science & Medicine, 62(1), 1-12. Summary: This paper discusses how repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative events, including family conflict, abuse, and neglect, leads to a learned helplessness mindset in homeless youth. This mindset makes it challenging for young people to seek help or leave the streets, as they often feel powerless to change their circumstances. Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.007
- Bonin, J. P., Fournier, L., & Blais, R. (2007). "Predictors of Mental Health Service Utilization by People Using Resources for Homeless People in Canada." Psychiatric Services, 58(7), 936-941. Summary: This study examines mental health service usage among homeless individuals, identifying learned helplessness as a major barrier to accessing services. Those with PTSD and other mental health issues are often discouraged from seeking help due to feelings of helplessness and a lack of perceived control over their situation. Link: https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.7.936
- Goodman, L. A., Saxe, L., & Harvey, M. (1991). Homelessness as Psychological Trauma: Broadening Perspectives. American Psychologist, 46(11), 1219-1225. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.11.1219
- Hopper, E. K., Bassuk, E. L., & Olivet, J. (2010). Shelter from the Storm: Trauma-Informed Care in Homelessness Services Settings. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3(1), 80-100. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874924001003020080
- Burt, M. R., & Aron, L. Y. (2000). "America’s Homeless II: Population and Services." Urban Institute Press. Summary: This comprehensive report explores the psychological impact of trauma on homeless individuals, showing how exposure to violence, substance abuse, and instability fosters helplessness. The report discusses how homeless individuals, especially those with a history of trauma, may become trapped in a cycle of dependency and helplessness. Link: Urban Institute Report PDF
- Padgett, D. K., & Tsemberis, S. (2012). "Housing First Services for People Who Are Homeless With Co-occurring Serious Mental Illness and Substance Abuse." Research on Social Work Practice, 22(1), 114-122. Summary: This article focuses on the experiences of homeless women with histories of trauma, showing how PTSD and learned helplessness contribute to long-term homelessness. The study discusses how Housing First models can mitigate some of these psychological impacts by providing stability and trauma-informed care. Link: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731511435867
